For example, if you wanted to set breakpoint 4 at address 408, the command is as follows:

408,4;B[Return]

DELTA/XDELTA sets a breakpoint at the specified location and assigns it the specified breakpoint number.

Clearing Breakpoints

To clear a breakpoint, enter zero (0), followed by a comma, the number of the breakpoint to remove, a semicolon (;), the letter B, and then press the Return key. DELTA/XDELTA clears the specified breakpoint. For example, if you wanted to clear breakpoint 4, the command is as follows:

0,4;B[Return]

On VAX, when using XDELTA, do not clear breakpoint 1. If you do, any calls to INI$BRK in your program will not result in entry into XDELTA.

Setting Complex Breakpoints

On all platforms, a complex breakpoint completes one or more of the following actions:

• Always displays the next instruction to be executed
• Optionally displays the contents of another, specified location
• Optionally executes a string of DELTA/XDELTA commands stored in memory

To use the complex breakpoint, you must first create the string of DELTA commands you want executed. Then deposit those commands at a memory location with the Deposit ASCII String command (').

To set a complex breakpoint, use the following syntax:

addr-exp,n,display-addr-exp,cmd-string-addr;B

Example

;B 1 00000690 2 00000699 (1) 0,2;B (2) ;B 1 00000690 (3) ;P (4)

1. Two breakpoints have already been set and are displayed. Using ;B, DELTA/XDELTA displays each breakpoint number and the address location of each breakpoint.
2. Breakpoint 2 is cleared.
3. Current breakpoints are displayed. Because breakpoint 2 has been cleared, DELTA/XDELTA displays just breakpoint 1.
4. Program execution is continued using the ;P command.

Displaying Breakpoints in a Multithreaded Application

To support the debugging of multithreaded applications, DELTA has the capability of displaying a thread ID at a breakpoint. When DELTA reaches a breakpoint in a multithreaded application, DELTA displays the thread ID and stops the execution of all other threads. (When DELTA reaches a breakpoint in a single-threaded application, the display and behavior is the same as in the past; DELTA displays the address and stops program execution.)

In the following example, a breakpoint is set in a multithreaded application with 30000;B and is followed by the ;P (Proceed from Breakpoint) command. The breakpoint is taken. Because it is a multithreaded application, the thread ID is included in the display.

30000;B ;P Brk 1 at 30000 on Thread 12 00030000! LDA SP,#XFF80(SP)

Force the system to bugcheck and crash.

Format

;C

Description

The ;C command forces the system to bugcheck and crash. You can do this from wherever you are in your debugging session. Although this command is for use primarily with XDELTA, you can also use it with DELTA, but only in kernel mode. When you issue this command, the following message is generated:

BUG$_DEBUGCRASH, Debugger forced system crash

Dumps a region of memory.

Format

addr_exp, length ;D

Parameters

addr-exp

The starting address of the dump.

length

The length of bytes to dump.

Description

On I64 and Alpha systems, the ;D command dumps a region of memory. The display is in a format similar to the DCL DUMP command.

Example

G,200;D (1) Dump of 80000000 for 00000200 bytes (2) 00840008 80000200 0000241F 00E8401D .@...$.......... : 80000000 (3) 00840008 80000200 00002400 0004401D .@...$.......... : 80000010 00840008 80000200 00000001 0000001D ................ : 80000020 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 ................ : 80000030 00040000 00203008 00202400 0260100B ..`..$ ..0 ..... : 80000040 90000A00 40038004 10700001 00000001 ......p....@.... : 80000050 00800070 00000200 00001418 04200810 .. .........p... : 80000060 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 ................ : 80000070 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 ................ : 80000080 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 ................ : 80000090 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 ................ : 800000A0 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 ................ : 800000B0 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 ................ : 800000C0 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 ................ : 800000D0 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 ................ : 800000E0 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 ................ : 800000F0 00040000 00040000 00300580 02090001 ......0......... : 80000100 00840008 80000200 00000001 0000001D ................ : 80000110 00840008 80000200 00000001 0000001D ................ : 80000120 00840008 80000200 00002400 0004401D .@...$.......... : 80000130 00840008 80000200 0000241C 0128401D .@(..$.......... : 80000140 84000804 40006200 02000580 060D0800 .........b.@.... : 80000150 20000000 00000200 00002400 0000C81D .....$......... : 80000160 50000178 00000200 00000001 0000001D ............x..P : 80000170 07000A00 00005501 08002100 44000802 ...D.!...U...... : 80000180 00840008 80000200 00000001 0000001D ................ : 80000190 00840008 80000200 00002400 0004401D .@...$.......... : 800001A0 00840008 80000200 00002400 0004401D .@...$.......... : 800001B0 00840008 80000200 00002400 0004401D .@...$.......... : 800001C0 00840008 80000200 00002400 0004401D .@...$.......... : 800001D0 00840008 80000200 00002400 0004401D .@...$.......... : 800001E0 00840008 80000200 00002400 0004401D .@...$.......... : 800001F0 FFFFFFFF 8 (4)

1. The dump command is issued.
2. The dump output summarizes the operation.
3. The memory dump is displayed. The output is in the same format as the DCL DUMP command.
4. The starting location of the dump is printed.

Executes a string of DELTA/XDELTA commands stored in memory.

Format

address-expression ;E

Arguments

address-expression

The address of the string of DELTA/XDELTA commands to execute.

Description

The Execute Command String command executes a string of DELTA/XDELTA commands. Load the ASCII text command string to a specific location in memory using the Deposit ASCII String command (') or code the string in your program into an identifiable location.

If you want DELTA/XDELTA to proceed with program execution after it executes the string of commands, end the command string with the ;P command. If you want DELTA/XDELTA to wait for you to enter a command after it executes the string of commands, end the command string with a null byte (a byte containing 0).

XDELTA, but not DELTA, provides two command strings in memory.

On Alpha, the addresses of these command strings are stored in base registers X14 and X15. The string addressed by X14 displays the physical page number (PFN) database for the PFN in X0. The string addressed by X15 copies the PFN in R0 to base register X0. It then displays the PFN database for that PFN.

On VAX, the addresses of these command strings are stored in base registers XE and XF. The string addressed by XE displays the physical page number (PFN) database for the PFN in X0. The string addressed by XF copies the PFN in R0 to base register X0. It then displays the PFN database for that PFN.

You can use the command strings provided with XDELTA to obtain the following information:

• Specified PFN
• PFN state and type
• PFN reference count
• PFN backward link or working-set-list index
• PFN forward link or share count
• Page table entry (PTE) address that points to the PFN
• PFN backing-store address
• On VAX, the virtual block number in the process swap image, the block to which the page's entry in the SWPVBN array points
• On Alpha, the virtual page number in process swap image, the collection of blocks containing the page as pointed to by the PFN database

Example

7FFE1600,0;X (1) 7FFE1600 (2) X0;E (3) R0/00000001 (4) R1/00000000 R2/00000000

1. The address (7FFE1600) where an ASCII string is stored is placed into base register 0 using ;X.
2. DELTA/XDELTA displays the value in X0.
3. The command string stored at address 7FFE1600, which is to examine the contents of R0, R1, and R2 (R0/[Linefeed] [Linefeed]), is executed with ;E.
4. DELTA/XDELTA executes the commands and displays the contents of R0, R1, and R2.

Continues program execution.

Format

address-expression ;G

Parameters

address-expression

The address at which to continue program execution.

Description

The Go command places the address you specified in address-expression into the PC and continues execution of the program at that address. It is useful when you want to ignore specific lines of code or return to a previous program location to repeat execution.

Example

6A2;G

Program execution is started at address 6A2.

Specifies the display mode, either hardcopy terminal mode or DEC-CRT.

Format

;H

Description

The ;H command enables you to choose the display mode of DELTA/XDELTA output. You can display output either in hardcopy terminal mode or DEC-CRT mode. The default display is DEC-CRT mode. You can toggle back and forth from one display mode to the other by repeating the ;H command.

Lists information about the current main image and all shareable images that were activated, including those that were installed /RESIDENT.

Format

;I

Description

The ;I command peruses the image control block (IMCB) list and displays information about the current main image and all shareable images that were activated, including those that were installed /RESIDENT. The ;I command differs from the ;L command which displays information about the loadable image database.

The display of the ;I command is similar to the ;L command display. It shows the image name, the starting and ending addresses, the symbol vector address, and some flags. The command is useful for debugging shareable images. For example, the display enables you to determine where LIBRTL is mapped.

The field flags are M, S, and P. The flag M indicates the main image; S or P indicates images that are installed as shareable or protected, respectively.

Unlike the ;L command, which only works from kernel mode or when you have CMEXEC or CMKRNL privileges, the ;I command works from any mode. However, to modify the IMCB database, you must be in executive or kernel mode.

For resident main and shareable images, the ;I command also includes an entry for each resident code section and each compressed data section, which shows the base and end address for each section.

The ;I command is implemented only for DELTA.

Example

$ define lib$debug delta $ run/debug hello OpenVMS Alpha DELTA Version 1.5 Brk 0 at 00020040 00020040! LDA SP,#XFFD0(SP) ;i Image Name Base End Symbol-Vector Flags HELLO 00010000 000301FF M DECC$SHR 00032000 001233FF 00106B90 S DPML$SHR 0012C000 001AC5FF 0019DED0 S LIBRTL 001AE000 0025E7FF 00240790 S Resident Code Sections: 8015A000 801BBA00 LIBOTS 00124000 0012A1FF 00128000 S Resident Code Sections: 801BC000 801C2C00 Compressed Data Sections: 00124000 00124A00 00126000 00126800 00128000 00128600 0012A000 0012A200 SYS$PUBLIC_VECTORS 80401C98 80403028 80401C98 DELTA 00260000 002943FF 00260000 SYS$BASE_IMAGE 8040C5B0 804163E0 8040C5B0

Lists the names and virtual addresses of all loaded executive images.

Format

[sequence number];L

Argument

sequence number

On I64 and Alpha, specifies a single executive image.

Description

Use the ;L command when you are debugging code that resides in system space. Although you use this command mostly with XDELTA, you can use it with DELTA if your process has change-mode-to-executive (CMEXEC) privilege and you are running a program in executive mode.

This command lists the names and locations of the loaded modules of the executive. A loading mechanism maps a number of images of the executive into system space. The ;L command lists the currently loaded images with their starting and ending virtual addresses. If you enter ;L before all the executive images are loaded (for example, at an XDELTA initial breakpoint), only those images that have been loaded will be displayed.

On Alpha, this command displays additional information and provides a second use, based on the additional information. For each loaded executive image that is sliced into discontiguous image sections, the display shows the sequence number for the executive image and the base and ending addresses of each image section. A second use of this command is to display the base and ending addresses of a single image if you specify its sequence number.

The following examples illustrate the command on each platform.

Examples

The following I64 example shows the names, the starting and ending virtual addresses, and the sequence number for the specified loaded executive image. Images are split into image sections, showing the name and the base, link, and ending address of each respective section. In these examples, sequence number 24 selects the PROCESS_MANAGEMENT; sequence number selects SYS$PUBLIC_VECTORS; and sequence number 32 selects RMS.

24;L Seq# LDRISD Image Name Base End Link End 0024 83881B80 PROCESS_MANAGEMENT 0 83881C70 Read Write 83203800 83203808 00010000 00010008 1 83881CB8 Read Execute 805AF300 806E4D70 00014000 00149A70 2 83881D00 Read 83203A00 83230C78 0014C000 00179278 3 83881D48 Read Write 83230E00 8323C120 0017C000 00187320 4 83881D90 Read Write 8323C200 8323C214 00188000 00188014 7 83881E68 Read Write 8323C400 8323C414 00194000 00194014 8 83881EB0 Read Write 8323C600 8323C604 00198000 00198004 9 83881EF8 Read Write 8323C800 83240660 0019C000 0019FE60 0;L Seq# LDRISD Image Name Base End Link End 0000 83868580 SYS$PUBLIC_VECTORS 0 83868670 Read Execute 80000000 80000070 00010000 00010070 1 838686B8 Read 83000000 830000B0 00014000 000140B0 2 83868700 Read Write 83000200 83000218 00018000 00018018 3 83868748 Read 83000400 83008788 0001C000 00024388 Symbol Vector 83000400 32;L Seq# LDRISD Image Name Base End Link End 0032 83885500 RMS 0 838855E0 Read Write 832B5800 832B5F40 00010000 00010740 1 83885628 Read Execute 8014E900 8014FAE0 00014000 000151E0 2 83885670 Read Execute 8098D100 80B9C8A0 00018000 002277A0 3 838856B8 Read 832B6000 832EC400 00228000 0025E400 4 83885700 Read Write 832EC400 832EFAE8 00260000 002636E8 5 83885748 Read Write 832EFC00 832EFC14 00264000 00264014 6 83885790 Read Write 832EFE00 832EFE50 00268000 00268050 9 83885868 Read Write 832F0000 832F0014 00274000 00274014 A 838858B0 Read Write 832F0200 832F0204 00278000 00278004 B 838858F8 Read Write 832F0400 832F3DC0 0027C000 0027F9C0

The following Alpha example shows the names, the starting and ending virtual addresses, and the sequence numbers for all the loaded executive images. Only one image, EXEC_INIT.EXE, was not split into image sections. For every image that was split into image sections, it also shows the name and the base and ending address of each section.

;L Seq# Image Name Base End 0012 EXEC_INIT.EXE 8080C000 80828000 0010 SYS$CPU_ROUTINES_0101.EXE Nonpaged read only 80038000 8003A200 Nonpaged read/write 80420200 80420A00 Initialization 80808000 80808400 000E ERRORLOG.EXE Nonpaged read only 8002E000 80036600 Nonpaged read/write 8041BE00 80420200 Initialization 80804000 80804800 000C SYSTEM_SYNCHRONIZATION.EXE Nonpaged read only 80024000 8002C800 Nonpaged read/write 8041A000 8041BE00 Initialization 80800000 80800800 . . . . . . . . . 0002 SYS$BASE_IMAGE Nonpaged read only 80002000 80009400 Nonpaged read/write 80403000 80414C00 Fixup 80620000 80620600 Symbol Vector 8040B010 80414560 0000 SYS$PUBLIC_VECTORS.EXE Nonpaged read only 80000000 80001C00 Nonpaged read/write 80400000 80403000 Fixup 8061E000 8061E200 Symbol Vector 80401BF0 80402ED0

The following Alpha example illustrates the use of the sequence number with the ;L command to display information about one image. In this example, the sequence number C for the SYSTEM_SYNCHRONIZATION.EXE module is specified with the ;L command. (It is not necessary to specify the leading zeros in the command.) The resulting display shows only the SYSTEM_SYNCHRONIZATION.EXE module (whose sequence number is 000C). The display includes the names of the image sections within the module and their base and ending addresses.

C;L Seq# Image Name Base End 000C SYSTEM_SYNCHRONIZATION.EXE Nonpaged read only 80024000 8002C800 Nonpaged read/write 8041A000 8041BE00 Initialization 80800000 80800800

VAX example, showing the names and the starting and ending virtual addresses of the three executive images that are loaded in memory.

;L PRIMITIVE_IO.EXE 800EAA00 800EBC00 SYSTEM_SYNCHRONIZATION.EXE 800EBC00 800ED400 SYSTEM_PRIMITIVES.EXE 800ED400 800F1000

Sets the address spaces of all processes to be writable or read-only by your DELTA process. This command can be used only with DELTA. Use of this command requires CMKRNL privilege.

On Alpha, this command also sets writable the general purpose registers of other processes, if, after issuing the ;M command, you specify another process with any command that takes the PID argument, such as the / command.

Format

n;M

Argument

n

Specifies your process privileges for reading and writing at other processes. If 0, your DELTA process can only read locations in other processes; if 1, your process can read or write any location in any process. If not specified, DELTA returns the current value of the M (modify) flag (0 or 1).

Description

The Set All Processes Writable command is useful for changing values in the running system.

Note Use this activity very carefully during timesharing. It affects all processes on the system. For this reason, your process must have change-mode-to-kernel (CMKRNL) privilege to use this command. It is safest to use this command only on a standalone system.