| Previous | Contents | Index |
Writes a specified number of items to the file.
#include <stdio.h>size_t fwrite (const void *ptr, size_t size_of_item, size_t number_items, FILE *file_ptr);
ptr
A pointer to the memory location from which information is being written. The type of the object pointed to is determined by the type of the item being written.size_of_item
The size, in bytes, of the items being written.number_items
The number of items to be written.file_ptr
A file pointer that indicates the file to which the items are being written.
The type size_t is defined in the header file <stdio.h> as follows:
typedef unsigned int size_tThe writing begins at the current location in the file. The items are written from storage beginning at the location given by the first argument. You must also specify the size of an item, in bytes.
If the file pointed to by file_ptr is a record file, the fwrite function outputs at least number_items records, each of length size_of_item.
x The number of items written. The number of records written depends upon the maximum record size of the file.
Reads input from the stream under control of the wide-character format string.
#include <wchar.h>int fwscanf (FILE *stream, const wchar_t *format, ...);
stream
A file pointer.format
A pointer to a wide-character string containing the format specification. For more information about format and conversion specifications and their corresponding arguments, see Chapter 2....
Optional expressions whose results correspond to conversion specifications given in the format specification. For more information about format and conversion specifications and their corresponding arguments, see Chapter 2.If no conversion specifications are given, you can omit the input pointers. Otherwise, the function calls must have exactly as many input pointers as there are conversion specifications, and the conversion specifications must match the types of the input pointers.
Conversion specifications are matched to input sources in left-to-right order. Excess input pointers, if any, are ignored.
The fwscanf function reads input from the stream pointed to by stream under the control of the wide-character string pointed to by format. If there are insufficient arguments for the format, the behavior is undefined. If the format is exhausted while arguments remain, the excess arguments are evaluated, but otherwise ignored.The format is composed of zero or more directives that include:
- One or more white-space wide characters.
- An ordinary wide character (neither a percent (%)) nor a white-space wide character).
- Conversion specifications.
Each conversion specification is introduced by the wide character %.
If the stream pointed to by the stream argument has no orientation, fwscanf makes the stream wide-oriented.
n The number of input items assigned, sometimes fewer than provided for, or even zero, in the event of an early matching failure. EOF Indicates an error; input failure occurs before any conversion.
Converts its argument to a null-terminated string of ASCII digits and returns the address of the string.
#include <stdlib.h>Function Variants The gcvt function has variants named _gcvt32 and _gcvt64 for use with 32-bit and 64-bit pointer sizes, respectively. See Section 1.10 for more information on using pointer-size-specific functions.char *gcvt (double value, int ndigit, char *buffer);
value
An object of type double that is converted to a null-terminated string of ASCII digits.ndigit
The number of ASCII digits to use in the converted string. If ndigit is less than 6, the value of 6 is used.buffer
A storage location to hold the converted string.
The gcvt function places the converted string in a buffer and returns the address of the buffer. If possible, gcvt produces ndigit significant digits in F-format, or if not possible, in E-format. Trailing zeros are suppressed.The ecvt , fcvt , and gcvt functions represent the following special values specified in the IEEE Standard for floating-point arithmetic:
Value Representation Quiet NaN NaNQ Signalling NaN NaNS +Infinity Infinity - Infinity - Infinity The sign associated with each of these values is stored into the sign argument. In IEEE floating-point representation, a value of 0 (zero) can be positive or negative, as set by the sign argument.
See also fcvt and ecvt .
x The address of the buffer.
Returns the next character from a specified file.
#include <stdio.h>int getc (FILE *file_ptr);
file_ptr
A pointer to the file to be accessed.
The getc macro returns the next byte from the input stream specified by the file_ptr parameter and moves the file pointer, if defined, ahead one byte in the input stream.Since getc is a macro, a file pointer argument with side effects (for example, getc (*f++) ) might be evaluated incorrectly. In such a case, use the fgetc function instead. See the fgetc function.
See also getc_unlocked .
n The returned character. EOF Indicates the end-of-file or an error.
Same as getc , except used only within a scope protected by flockfile and funlockfile .
#include <stdio.h>int getc_unlocked (FILE *file_ptr);
file_ptr
A file pointer.
The reentrant version of the getc macro is locked against multiple threads calling it simultaneously. This incurs overhead to ensure integrity of the stream. The unlocked version of this call, getc_unlocked can be used to avoid the overhead. The getc_unlocked macro is functionally identical to the getc macro, except that it is not required to be implemented in a thread-safe manner. The getc_unlocked macro can be safely used only within a scope that is protected by the flockfile and funlockfile functions used as a pair. The caller must ensure that the stream is locked before getc_unlocked is used.Since getc_unlocked is a macro, a file pointer argument with side effects might be evaluated incorrectly. In such a case, use the fgetc_unlocked function instead.
See also flockfile , ftrylockfile , and funlockfile .
n The returned character. EOF Indicates the end-of-file or an error.
Get a character from the terminal screen and echo it on the specified window. The getch function echoes the character on the stdscr window.
#include <curses.h>char getch();
char wgetch (WINDOW *win);
win
A pointer to the window.
The getch and wgetch functions refresh the specified window before fetching a character. For more information, see the scrollok function.
x The returned character. ERR Indicates that the function makes the screen scroll illegally.
Reads a single character from the standard input ( stdin ).
#include <stdio.h>int getchar (void);
The getchar function is identical to fgetc ( stdin ).See also getchar_unlocked .
x The next character from stdin , converted to int . EOF Indicates the end-of-file or an error.
Same as getchar , except used only within a scope protected by flockfile and funlockfile .
#include <stdio.h>int getchar_unlocked (void);
The reentrant version of the getchar function is locked against multiple threads calling it simultaneously. This incurs overhead to ensure integrity of the input stream. The unlocked version of this call, getchar_unlocked can be used to avoid the overhead. The getchar_unlocked function is functionally identical to the getchar function, except that it is not required to be implemented in a thread-safe manner. The getchar_unlocked function can be safely used only within a scope that is protected by the flockfile and funlockfile functions used as a pair. The caller must ensure that the stream is locked before getchar_unlocked is used.See also flockfile , ftrylockfile , and funlockfile .
x The next character from stdin , converted to int . EOF Indicates the end-of-file or an error.
Gets the current value of the systemwide clock.
#include <timers.h>int getclock (int clktyp, struct timespec *tp);
clktyp
The type of systemwide clock.tp
Pointer to a timespec structure space where the current value of the systemwide clock is stored.
The getclock function sets the current value of the clock specified by clktyp into the location pointed to by tp.The clktyp argument is given as a symbolic constant name, as defined in the <timers.h> header file. Only the TIMEOFDAY symbolic constant, which specifies the normal time-of-day clock to access for systemwide time, is supported.
For the clock specified by TIMEOFDAY , the value returned by this function is the elapsed time since the Epoch. The Epoch is referenced to 00:00:00 UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) 1 Jan 1970.
The getclock function returns a timespec structure, which is defined in the <timers.h> header file as follows:
struct timespec { unsigned long tv_sec /* Elapsed time in seconds since the Epoch*/ long tv_nsec /* Elapsed time as a fraction of a second */ /* since the Epoch (in nanoseconds) */ };
0 Indicates success. - 1 Indicates an error; errno is set to one of the following values:
- EINVAL -- The clktyp argument does not specify a known systemwide clock.
Or, the value of SYS$TIMEZONE_DIFFERENTIAL logical is wrong.
- EIO -- An error occurred when the systemwide clock specified by the clktyp argument was accessed.
Returns a pointer to the file specification for the current working directory.
#include <unistd.h>Function Variants The getcwd function has variants named _getcwd32 and _getcwd64 for use with 32-bit and 64-bit pointer sizes, respectively. See Section 1.10 for more information on using pointer-size-specific functions.char *getcwd (char *buffer, size_t size); (ISO POSIX-1)
char *getcwd (char *buffer, unsigned int size, ...); (HP C EXTENSION)
buffer
Pointer to a character string large enough to hold the directory specification.If buffer is a NULL pointer, getcwd obtains size bytes of space using malloc . In this case, you can use the pointer returned by getcwd as the argument in a subsequent call to free .
size
The length of the directory specification to be returned....
An optional argument that can be either 1 or 0. If you specify 1, the directory specification is returned in OpenVMS format. If you specify 0, the directory specification (pathname) is returned in UNIX style format. If you omit this argument, getcwd returns the file name according to your current command-language interpreter (CLI). For more information about UNIX style directory specifications, see Section 1.4.3.
x A pointer to the file specification. NULL Indicates an error.
Gets the total number of file descriptors that a process can have open simultaneously.
#include <unistd.h>int getdtablesize (void);
The getdtablesize function returns the total number of file descriptors that a process can have open simultaneously. Each process is limited to a fixed number of open file descriptors.The number of file descriptors that a process can have open is the minumum of the following:
- HP C RTL open file limit---65535 on OpenVMS Alpha and I64; 2048 on OpenVMS VAX.
- SYSGEN CHANNELCNT parameter---permanent I/O channel count.
- Process open file quota FILLM parameter---number of open files that can be opened by a process at one time.
x The number of file descriptors that a process can have open simultaneously. - 1 Indicates an error.
With POSIX IDs disabled, this function is equivalent to getgid and returns the group number from the user identification code (UIC).With POSIX IDs enabled, this function returns the effective group ID of the calling process.
#include <unistd.h>gid_t getegid (void);
The getegid function can be used with POSIX style identifiers (IDs) or with UIC-based identifiers.
POSIX style IDs are supported on OpenVMS Version 7.3-2 and higher.
With POSIX style IDs disabled, the getegid and getgid functions are equivalent and return the group number from the current UIC. For example, if the UIC is [313,031], 313 is the group number.
With POSIX style IDs enabled, getegid returns the effective group ID of the calling process, and getgid returns the real group ID of the calling process. The real group ID is specified at login time. The effective group ID is more transient, and determines additional access permission during execution of a set-group-ID process. It is for such processes that the getgid function is most useful.
The getegid function is always successful; no return value is reserved to indicate an error.
To enable/disable POSIX style IDs, see Section 1.7.
See also geteuid and getuid .
x The effective group ID (POSIX IDs enabled), or the group number from the UIC (POSIX IDs disabled).
Searches the environment array for the current process and returns the value associated with a specified environment name.
#include <stdlib.h>char *getenv (const char *name);
name
One of the following values:
- HOME---Your login directory
- TERM---The type of terminal being used
- PATH---The default device and directory
- USER---The name of the user who initiated the process
- Logical name or command-language interpreter (CLI) symbolic name
- An environment variable set with setenv or putenv
The case of the specified name is important.
In certain situations, the getenv function attempts to perform a logical name translation on the user-specified argument:
- If the argument to getenv does not match any of the environment strings present in your environment array, getenv attempts to translate your argument as a logical name by searching the logical name tables indicated by the LNM$FILE_DEV logical, as is done for file processing.
getenv first does a case-sensitive lookup. If that fails, it does a case-insensitive lookup. In most instances, logical names are defined in uppercase, but getenv can also find logical names that include lowercase letters.
getenv does not perform iterative logical name translation.- If the logical name is a search list with multiple equivalence values, the returned value points to the first equivalence value. For example:
$ DEFINE A B,C ptr = getenv("A");
A returns a pointer to " B ".- If no logical name exists, getenv attempts to translate the argument string as a CLI symbol. If it succeeds, it returns the translated symbol text. If it fails, the return value is NULL.
getenv does not perform iterative CLI translation.If your CLI is the DEC/Shell, the function does not attempt a logical name translation since Shell environment symbols are implemented as DCL symbols.
Notes
- In OpenVMS Version 7.1, a cache of OpenVMS environment variables (that is, logical names and DCL symbols) was added to the getenv function to avoid the library making repeated calls to translate a logical name or to obtain the value of a DCL symbol. By default, the cache is disabled. If your application does not need to track changes in OpenVMS environment variables that can occur during its execution, the cache can be enabled by enabling the DECC$ENABLE_GETENV_CACHE logical before invoking the application.
- Do not use the setenv , getenv , and putenv functions to manipulate symbols and logicals. Instead use the OpenVMS library calls lib$set_logical , lib$get_logical , lib$set_symbol , and lib$get_symbol . The * env functions deliberately provide UNIX behavior, and are not a substitute for these OpenVMS runtime library calls.
OpenVMS DCL symbols, not logical names, are the closest analog to environment variables on UNIX systems. While getenv is a mechanism to retrieve either a logical name or a symbol, it maintains an internal cache of values for use with setenv and subsequent getenv calls. The setenv function does not write or create DCL symbols or OpenVMS logical names.
This is consistent with UNIX behavior. On UNIX systems, setenv does not change or create any symbols that will be visible in the shell after the program exits.
x Pointer to an array containing the translated symbol. An equivalence name is returned at index zero. NULL Indicates that the translation failed.
| Previous | Next | Contents | Index |